Gastroschisis is a rare congenital disorder in which a defect is present in the wall of the abdomen. Typically there is a small abdominal cavity with herniated abdominal organs that usually appear on the right side of the abdomen. There is no membranous sac covering the organs and the intestines may be swollen and look shortened due to exposure to the liquid that surrounds the fetus during pregnancy (amniotic fluid).  Read More

Fetal retinoid syndrome is a characteristic pattern of mental and physical birth defects that results from maternal use of retinoids, the synthetic derivatives of vitamin A, during pregnancy. The most well known retinoid is isotretinoin (Accutane), a drug used to treat severe cystic acne. The range and severity of associated abnormalities will vary greatly from case to case. However, characteristic features may include growth delays before and  Read More

Achard-Thiers syndrome is a rare disorder that occurs primarily in postmenopausal women and is characterized by type 2 (insulin-resistant) diabetes mellitus and signs of androgen excess. The exact cause of this syndrome is unknown.  Read More

Ahumada-Del Castillo is a rare endocrine disorder affecting adult females, which is characterized by impairment in the function of the pituitary and hypothalamus glands. Symptoms may include the production of breast milk (lactation) not associated with nursing and the absence of menstrual periods (amenorrhea) due to the lack of monthly ovulation (anovulation).  Read More

Aicardi syndrome is an extremely rare genetic disorder. Almost all people with Aicardi syndrome are females. Individuals with Aicardi syndrome have agenesis of the corpus callosum, chorioretinal lacunae and seizures. Agenesis of the corpus callosum means that the structure that connects the right half of the brain with the left half of the brain (corpus callosum) does not develop normally. Chorioretinal lacunae are small holes in the retina (b  Read More

Amenorrhea facts Amenorrhea refers to the absence of menstrual periods; it may be either primary (meaning a woman never developed menstrual periods) or secondary (absence of menstrual periods in a woman who was previously menstruating). Genetic or inborn conditions are the most common causes of primary amenorrhea. Amenorrhea may result from disorders of the ovaries, pituitary gland, or hypothalamus.  Read More

Ahumada-Del Castillo is a rare endocrine disorder affecting adult females, which is characterized by impairment in the function of the pituitary and hypothalamus glands. Symptoms may include the production of breast milk (lactation) not associated with nursing and the absence of menstrual periods (amenorrhea) due to the lack of monthly ovulation (anovulation).  Read More

Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are a type of medication used in the treatment of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. They work by blocking the enzyme aromatase, which converts androgens into estrogen. By reducing estrogen levels, AIs help to slow down or stop the growth of hormone-sensitive breast cancer cells. The main treatments for Aromatase inhibitors include: 1. Aromatase inhibitors: The  Read More

Bacterial vaginosis is an abnormal vaginal condition that is characterized by vaginal discharge and results from an overgrowth of atypical bacteria in the vagina. Bacterial vaginosis is not dangerous, but it can cause disturbing symptoms. Most women do not experience symptoms of bacterial vaginosis, but when they do they are: vaginal discharge, and vaginal odor. In diagnosin  Read More

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects women and is a complex of symptoms that are not necessarily all present in all cases. Some, but not all, affected women have multiple cysts on the ovaries (polycystic ovaries). Other characteristics include the absence of menstruation (amenorrhea) or irregular menstruation, failure of the ovary to release eggs (anovulation), elevated levels of the male hormones known as androgens (hyperandrogenism), exc  Read More

Turner syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder that affects females. The disorder is characterized by partial or complete loss (monosomy) of one of the X chromosomes. Turner syndrome is highly variable and can differ dramatically from one person to another. Affected females can potentially develop a wide variety of symptoms, affecting many different organ systems. Common symptoms include short stature and premature ovarian failure, which can r  Read More

Braxton Hicks contractions are the "false" labor pains that a pregnant woman might have before “true” labor. They’re your body's way of getting ready for the real thing. But they don’t mean labor has started or is about to begin.Before "true" labor begins, you may have "false" labor pains. These are also known as Braxton Hicks contractions. They are your body's way of getting ready for the real thing -- the day you give  Read More

There are several treatment options available for individuals with BRCA gene mutations. These treatments aim to reduce the risk of developing certain types of cancer associated with these mutations. Here are some of the common treatment options: 1. Surveillance: Regular screenings and surveillance are recommended for individuals with BRCA gene mutations. This may include mammograms, breast MRI, pelvic exams, transvaginal ultrasoun  Read More

BRCA1 (Breast Cancer Gene 1) is a gene mutation that increases the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer. The causes of BRCA1 can be attributed to various factors: 1. Inherited Mutation: The most common cause of BRCA1 is an inherited mutation in the BRCA1 gene. This mutation is passed down from parents to their children. Individuals who inherit a mutated copy of the BRCA1 gene have a significantly higher risk of developing  Read More

The treatments for BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations primarily focus on reducing the risk and managing the associated cancers. Here are some common treatment options: 1. Surveillance and screening: Regular screenings and surveillance tests are recommended to detect any signs of cancer at an early stage. This may include mammograms, breast MRI, clinical breast exams, pelvic exams, transvaginal ultrasound, and CA-125 blood tests for ov  Read More

BRCA2 (Breast Cancer 2) is a gene mutation that increases the risk of developing breast, ovarian, and other types of cancer. The main cause of BRCA2 is an inherited mutation in the BRCA2 gene. This mutation can be passed down from either the mother or father to their children. Some of the causes and risk factors associated with BRCA2 mutations include: 1. Inherited mutation: The most common cause of BRCA2 is an inher  Read More

A breast biopsy procedure is usually done to determine whether a growth in the breast is cancerous or benign. A lump or other sign of breast cancer in a man or woman may warrant a breast biopsy. A breast biopsy can be done with a needle or by a surgical procedure. Non-surgical biopsies tend to be less stressful and minimize the risk of complications. Non-surgical biopsies are not always as reliable  Read More

The treatment options for breast cancer depend on various factors such as the stage of cancer, the type of breast cancer, the presence of hormone receptors, and the individual's overall health. The common treatment options include: 1. Surgery: The main surgical options for breast cancer include lumpectomy (removal of the tumor and a small margin of healthy tissue) and mastectomy (removal of the entire breast). Lymph node removal m  Read More

The treatment options for breast carcinoma depend on various factors such as the stage of cancer, the type of breast cancer, the presence of hormone receptors, and the individual's overall health. The common treatment options include: 1. Surgery: The main surgical options for breast carcinoma include lumpectomy (removal of the tumor and a small portion of surrounding tissue) or mastectomy (removal of the entire breast). Lymph node  Read More

Breast lumps can be caused by infections, injuries, non-cancerous growths, and cancer. Breast cancer usually causes no pain in the breast. The symptoms of breast cancer include painless breast lumps, nipple discharge, and inflammation of the skin of the breast. The chances that a particular breast lump could be cancerous depends on many factors, including past medical history, physical examination, and genetic and othe  Read More

Breast reconstruction is a surgical procedure used to restore a woman's breast to a normal shape and size after mastectomy (entire breast removed) or after lumpectomy (part of the breast is removed). This can be achieved by either using the patient's own tissue or using implants (prosthetics). If the nipple and areola (darker area around the nipple) are also removed during the mastectomy, then both can be reconstructed following completion of  Read More

There are several factors that can contribute to the development of breast tumors, including: 1. Genetic mutations: Inherited gene mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, can significantly increase the risk of developing breast tumors. 2. Hormonal factors: Hormonal imbalances, such as increased levels of estrogen and progesterone, can increase the risk of breast tumor development. This can occur due to factors like early  Read More

Breast-conserving surgery, also known as breast-conserving therapy or lumpectomy, is a surgical procedure performed to remove a cancerous tumor from the breast while preserving as much of the breast tissue as possible. It is typically used for early-stage breast cancer cases where the tumor is small and localized. During the surgery, the surgeon removes the tumor along with a small margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. The goal  Read More

Chemobrain, also known as chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment, refers to a range of cognitive changes that can occur as a side effect of chemotherapy treatment for cancer. The exact causes of chemobrain are not fully understood, but several factors have been proposed: 1. Chemotherapy drugs: The drugs used in chemotherapy can cross the blood-brain barrier and directly affect the brain. These drugs can cause inflammation, oxid  Read More

Chiari-Frommel Syndrome is a rare endocrine disorder that affects women who have recently given birth (postpartum) and is characterized by the over-production of breast milk (galactorrhea), lack of ovulation (anovulation), and the absence of regular menstrual periods (amenorrhea). In Chiari-Frommel Syndrome, these symptoms persist long (for more than six months) after childbirth. The absence of normal hormonal cycles may result in reduced size  Read More

Chlamydia is the most commonly reported sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the U.S. It is an infection with the bacteria known as Chlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydia is very similar to gonorrhea in its symptoms and pattern of transmission. It is important to note that many people (both women and men) who are infected with chlamydia do not have any symptoms and may not be aware that they have the infection. Chlamydia infection can cause permane  Read More

Cleft lip and palate are developmental defects of the upper lip and roof of the mouth that are present at birth (congenital malformations). Cleft lip and palate may occur separately and in combination. Both malformations occur as a consequence of incomplete fusion of the developing lip (normally occurs by 35 days of gestation) or of incomplete fusion of the hard or soft palate (normally occurs by the eighth to ninth we  Read More

A cystocele occurs when the wall between a woman's bladder and her vagina weakens and allows the bladder to droop into the vagina. Symptoms of a cystocele include urine leakage and incomplete emptying of the bladder. Causes of cystocele include muscle straining during childbirth, straining from heavy lifting, repeated straining during bowel movements, and menopause. Treatment ranges from no treatment for a mi  Read More

A diagnostic mammogram is a more detailed and specialized mammogram that is performed when there is a specific concern or abnormality found during a screening mammogram. The treatments for a diagnostic mammogram depend on the findings and can vary widely. Here are some possible treatments: 1. Additional imaging tests: If the diagnostic mammogram reveals an abnormality, further imaging tests may be recommended, such as an ultrasoun  Read More

Screening tests are a basic part of prevention medicine. All screening tests are commonly available through your general doctor. Some specialized tests may be available elsewhere. Take an active role and discuss screening tests with your doctor early in life. The following charts are beneficial (generally simple and safe) screening tests that can help detect diseases and conditions before they become harmful. Osteoporosis Osteo  Read More

Yes, there are several treatment options available for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). However, it is important to note that DCIS is considered a non-invasive form of breast cancer, meaning it has not spread beyond the milk ducts into surrounding breast tissue or other parts of the body. The main goal of treatment for DCIS is to prevent it from progressing into invasive breast cancer. The treatment options for DCIS may include:  Read More

An ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy located outside the inner lining of the uterus. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy include previous ectopic pregnancies and conditions (surgery, infection) that disrupt the normal anatomy of the Fallopian tubes. The major health risk of an ectopic pregnancy is internal bleeding. Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy is usually established by blood hormone tests and pelvic ultrasou  Read More

Endometrial ablation facts Endometrial ablation is the surgical destruction of the lining tissues of the uterus. Endometrial ablation is one type of treatment for abnormal uterine bleeding that is due to a benign (non-cancerous) condition. Endometrial ablation must not be performed if pregnancy is desired in the future. Laser beam, electricity, freezing, and heating are all successfully used methods  Read More

Endometriosis is the abnormal growth of cells (endometrial cells) similar to those that form the inside of the uterus, but in a location outside of the uterus. Endometriosis is most commonly found on other organs of the pelvis. The exact cause of endometriosis has not been identified. Endometriosis is more common in women who are experiencing infertility than in fertile women, but the condition does not necessarily cau  Read More

Fibrocystic breast changes  Fibrocystic breast changes lead to the development of fluid-filled round or oval sacs (cysts) and more prominent scar-like (fibrous) tissue, which can make breasts feel tender, lumpy or ropy. Fibrocystic breasts are composed of tissue that feels lumpy or ropelike in texture. Doctors call this nodular or glandular breast tissue. It's not at all uncommon to have fibrocystic breasts or expe  Read More

Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome is a rare disorder that occurs almost exclusively in women. It is characterized by inflammation of the membrane lining the stomach (peritoneum) and the tissues surrounding the liver (perihepatitis). The muscle that separates the stomach and the chest (diaphragm), which plays an essential role in breathing, may also be affected. Common symptoms include severe pain in the upper right area (quadrant) of the abdomen, feve  Read More

Chiari-Frommel Syndrome is a rare endocrine disorder that affects women who have recently given birth (postpartum) and is characterized by the over-production of breast milk (galactorrhea), lack of ovulation (anovulation), and the absence of regular menstrual periods (amenorrhea). In Chiari-Frommel Syndrome, these symptoms persist long (for more than six months) after childbirth. The absence of normal hormonal cycles may result in reduced size  Read More

A prolactinoma is a benign tumor of the pituitary gland (adenoma) that produces an excessive amount of the hormone prolactin. In women, hyperprolactinemia is characterized by irregular menstrual periods (amenorrhea), infertility and production of breast milk in women who are not pregnant (galactorrhea). The most common symptom in men is impotence.  Read More

Ahumada-Del Castillo is a rare endocrine disorder affecting adult females, which is characterized by impairment in the function of the pituitary and hypothalamus glands. Symptoms may include the production of breast milk (lactation) not associated with nursing and the absence of menstrual periods (amenorrhea) due to the lack of monthly ovulation (anovulation).  Read More

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV). HSV causes genital herpes by entering the skin or mucous membranes through microscopic breaks in the skin and mucous membranes. Genital herpes is transmitted by any type of sexual contact with the genital area. When symptoms are present, they may include painful blisters and/or ulcers in the genital area, itching, burning o  Read More

Genital warts (HPV) facts Genital warts are caused by infection with a subgroup of the human papillomaviruses (HPVs). Another subgroup of the HPVs that infect the anogenital tract can lead to precancerous changes in the uterine cervix and cause cervical cancer. HPV infection is now considered to be the most common sexually-transmitted infection (sexually transmitted disease, STD) in the U.S., and it is believ  Read More

Androgen insensitivity refers to an inability of the body to respond properly to male sex hormones (androgens) produced during pregnancy. This occurs because of a change (mutation) in a gene involved in the production of the protein inside cells that receives the androgen hormone and instructs the cell in how to use it. Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (pais) is part of a spectrum of syndromes that also includes androgen ins  Read More

Gonorrhea is a bacterial infection that is transmitted during sexual activity. Gonorrhea is not transmitted from toilet seats. Women infected with gonorrhea may not have any symptoms. Gonorrhea is treated with antibiotics. Gonorrhea may cause PID, tubo-ovarian abscess, and sterility. What are sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)? Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infec  Read More

Heart disease is the leading cause of death among women. An estimated 90% of women have at least one risk factor for heart disease. Heart attack symptoms can be different for women than for men. Younger women with heart disease are more likely to die than men of the same age with heart disease. It is especially important for women and their doctors to be aware of early risk detection for primary prevention.  Read More

The risk factors for HER2-positive breast cancer include: 1. Gender: Women are at a higher risk of developing HER2-positive breast cancer compared to men. 2. Age: The risk of HER2-positive breast cancer increases with age, with the majority of cases occurring in women over the age of 50. 3. Family history: Having a family history of breast cancer, particularly in first-degree relatives (such as a mother o  Read More

HER2/neu, also known as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, is a protein that is encoded by the HER2 gene. It is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of proteins. HER2/neu plays a crucial role in cell growth, division, and repair. Abnormalities in the HER2/neu gene can lead to overexpression or amplification of the HER2/neu protein. This overexpression is observed in certain types of cancer, particu  Read More

Kikuchi's disease, also known as histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenopathy, is a rare, benign, (noncancerous, nonmalignant) disorder of the lymph nodes of young adults, predominantly in young women. This disorder is often mistaken for malignant lymphoma, especially cervical adenopathy because the symptoms are very similar. The lesions, or tissue anomalies, of this disorder, cause the lymph nodes to become enlarged (lymphadenopathy), inflamed and  Read More

Thyroid disease is particularly common in women of child-bearing age. As a result, it is no surprise that thyroid disease may complicate the course of pregnancy. Frequency varies among different populations and different countries. While pregnancy itself is a natural state and not a "disease," thyroid disorders during pregnancy affect both the mother and baby. This article focuses specifically on hypothyroidi  Read More

What is a hysterectomy? A hysterectomy is a surgical procedure whereby the uterus (womb) is removed. This surgery for women is the most common non-obstetrical procedure in the United States. How common is hysterectomy? Approximately 300 out of every 100,000 women will undergo a hysterectomy. Why is a hysterectomy performed? The most common reason hysterectomy is performed is for uterine fibroids. Other c  Read More

Hysteroscopy is the visualization of the inside of the uterine cavity by inserting special visualization instruments through the vagina and cervical opening. Hysteroscopy can be carried out to aid in diagnosis or to perform minor surgical procedures. In many cases hysteroscopy can be performed as an outpatient (same-day) surgical procedure. Complications of hysteroscopy are rare. The most commonly reported co  Read More

CHILD syndrome (an acronym for congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and limb defects) is an inherited disorder, affecting primarily women, that is characterized by ichthyosis-like skin abnormalities and limb defects on one side of the body. Other abnormalities may be present, as well. If defects of other body organs are present, they are usually on the same side of the body as the skin and limb abnormalities.  Read More

Androgen insensitivity refers to an inability of the body to respond properly to male sex hormones (androgens) produced during pregnancy. This occurs because of a change (mutation) in a gene involved in the production of the protein inside cells that receives the androgen hormone and instructs the cell in how to use it. Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (pais) is part of a spectrum of syndromes that also includes androgen ins  Read More

Infertility means not being able to become pregnant, within certain parameters. Infertility is a common problem of about 10% of women aged 15 to 44. Infertility can be due to the woman (33%), the man (33%) and by both sexes or due to unknown problems (33%), approximately. Infertility in men can be due to varicocele, low or absent sperm count, sperm damage or certain diseases. Risk factors for men's  Read More

The exact causes of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) are not fully understood. However, several risk factors have been identified that may increase the likelihood of developing IDC. These include: 1. Age: The risk of IDC increases with age, particularly after the age of 50. 2. Gender: Being female is a significant risk factor for IDC. Although men can also develop IDC, it is much more common in women. 3. F  Read More

Fetal retinoid syndrome is a characteristic pattern of mental and physical birth defects that results from maternal use of retinoids, the synthetic derivatives of vitamin A, during pregnancy. The most well known retinoid is isotretinoin (Accutane), a drug used to treat severe cystic acne. The range and severity of associated abnormalities will vary greatly from case to case. However, characteristic features may include growth delays before and  Read More

Fetal retinoid syndrome is a characteristic pattern of mental and physical birth defects that results from maternal use of retinoids, the synthetic derivatives of vitamin A, during pregnancy. The most well-known retinoid is isotretinoin (Accutane), a drug used to treat severe cystic acne. The range and severity of associated abnormalities will vary greatly from case to case. However, characteristic features may include growth delays before and  Read More

Kikuchi's disease, also known as histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenopathy, is a rare, benign, (noncancerous, nonmalignant) disorder of the lymph nodes of young adults, predominantly in young women. This disorder is often mistaken for malignant lymphoma, especially cervical adenopathy because the symptoms are very similar. The lesions, or tissue anomalies, of this disorder, cause the lymph nodes to become enlarged (lymphadenopathy), inflamed and  Read More

Yes, there are several treatment options available for lobular carcinoma, which is a type of breast cancer. The treatment approach depends on various factors such as the stage of cancer, the presence of hormone receptors, and the overall health of the patient. Surgery is often the primary treatment for lobular carcinoma, and it may involve either a lumpectomy (removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue) or a mastectomy (removal  Read More

Congenital syphilis is a chronic infectious disease caused by a spirochete (treponema pallidum) acquired by the fetus in the uterus before birth. Symptoms of this disease may not become apparent until several weeks or months after birth and, in some cases, may take years to appear. Congenital syphilis is passed on to the child from the mother who acquired the disease prior to or during pregnancy. The infant is more likely to have congenital sy  Read More

There are several factors that can contribute to the development of mammary carcinoma, also known as breast cancer. These include: 1. Genetic mutations: Inherited mutations in certain genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, significantly increase the risk of developing breast cancer. 2. Hormonal factors: Excessive exposure to estrogen and progesterone, either naturally or through hormone replacement therapy, can increase the  Read More

Menopause is defined as the absence of menstrual periods for 12 months. It is the time in a woman's life when the function of the ovaries ceases. The process of menopause does not occur overnight, but rather is a gradual process. This so-called perimenopausal transition period is a different experience for each woman. The average age of menopause is 51 years old, but menopause may occur as early as the 30s or as late a  Read More

Menstrual cramps that occur in the absence of a known abnormality or cause are medically referred to as primary dysmenorrhea. Non-drug treatments for menstrual cramps include adequate rest and sleep, regular exercise (especially walking), and smoking cessation. Menstrual cramps are not the same as the symptoms experienced due to premenstrual syndrome (PMS), although the symptoms of both disorders can sometimes be exper  Read More

There are several risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing metastatic breast cancer, which is cancer that has spread from the breast to other parts of the body. These risk factors include: 1. Stage of initial breast cancer: The risk of developing metastatic breast cancer increases if the initial breast cancer was diagnosed at a later stage, such as stage III or stage IV. 2. Age: The risk of metastat  Read More

Microcalcifications in the breast can have various causes, including: 1. Aging: As women age, the breast tissue undergoes changes, including the deposition of calcium in the form of microcalcifications. 2. Benign breast conditions: Certain benign breast conditions, such as fibrocystic changes or adenosis, can lead to the formation of microcalcifications. 3. Breast cysts: Microcalcifications can be associa  Read More

The risk factors for modified radical mastectomy, which is a surgical procedure to remove the breast tissue and some of the lymph nodes under the arm, include: 1. Surgical complications: As with any surgery, there are risks of complications such as bleeding, infection, blood clots, or adverse reactions to anesthesia. 2. Lymphedema: Removal of lymph nodes can disrupt the normal flow of lymph fluid, leading to swelling  Read More

Turner syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder that affects females. The disorder is characterized by partial or complete loss (monosomy) of one of the X chromosomes. Turner syndrome is highly variable and can differ dramatically from one person to another. Affected females can potentially develop a wide variety of symptoms, affecting many different organ systems. Common symptoms include short stature and premature ovarian failure, which can r  Read More

Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome is a rare genetic metabolic disorder that belongs to a group of disorders known the mucopolysaccharidoses. The disorder is also known as mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type VI. Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome occurs in three types: a classic severe type, an intermediate type, and a mild type. The syndrome is characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme arylsulfatase B (also called N- acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase), which leads to  Read More

Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome is a rare disorder that affects women. It is characterized by the failure of the uterus and the vagina to develop properly in women who have normal ovarian function and normal external genitalia. Women with this disorder develop normal secondary sexual characteristics during puberty (e.g., breast development and pubic hair), but do not have a menstrual cycle (primary amenorrhea). Often, the failur  Read More

Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome is a rare disorder that affects women. It is characterized by the failure of the uterus and the vagina to develop properly in women who have normal ovarian function and normal external genitalia. Women with this disorder develop normal secondary sexual characteristics during puberty (e.g., breast development and pubic hair), but do not have a menstrual cycle (primary amenorrhea). Often, the failur  Read More

Listeriosis is a rare but serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, which is predominantly transmitted to humans through the consumption of contaminated food. Clinical syndromes associated with listeriosis include febrile gastroenteritis, invasive disease (sepsis, meningitis, meningoencephalitis), and fetal infections causing spontaneous abortions, stillbirth, premature labor, and neonatal disease. Approximatel  Read More

Nipple-sparing mastectomy is a surgical procedure used to remove breast tissue while preserving the nipple and areola. It is typically performed as part of breast cancer treatment or risk reduction for individuals with a high risk of developing breast cancer. Nipple-sparing mastectomy itself is not a condition that requires a cure or medication. However, after the surgery, individuals may undergo breast reconstruction to restore t  Read More

Oncoplastic breast surgery is not a medical condition that can be cured or treated with medications. It is a surgical technique used to remove cancerous tumors from the breast while also reshaping and reconstructing the breast for a more aesthetically pleasing outcome. The goal of oncoplastic breast surgery is to achieve complete tumor removal while preserving the appearance and function of the breast. The treatment for breast cancer, includin  Read More

Oncotype DX is not a disease or condition that can be cured or treated with medications. It is a genomic test used in the field of oncology to assess the risk of recurrence and guide treatment decisions for certain types of cancer, such as breast cancer. The test analyzes the activity of a group of genes within a tumor sample to provide information about the likelihood of the cancer returning and the potential benefit of chemotherapy. The resu  Read More

Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the ovaries. The female reproductive system contains two ovaries, one on each side of the uterus. The ovaries — each about the size of an almond — produce eggs (ova) as well as the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Ovarian cancer often goes undetected until it has spread within the pelvis and abdomen. At this late stage, ovarian cancer is more difficult to treat and is fre  Read More

Ovarian cysts facts Ovarian cysts are closed, sac-like structures within the ovary that are filled with a liquid or semisolid substance. Ovarian cysts form for numerous reasons. Pain in the abdomen or pelvis is the most common symptom of an ovarian cyst, but most are asymptomatic. Most cysts are diagnosed by ultrasound or physical exam. The treatment of an ovarian cyst depends upon its lik  Read More

Turner syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder that affects females. The disorder is characterized by partial or complete loss (monosomy) of one of the X chromosomes. Turner syndrome is highly variable and can differ dramatically from one person to another. Affected females can potentially develop a wide variety of symptoms, affecting many different organ systems. Common symptoms include short stature and premature ovarian failure, which can r  Read More

Overactive bladder (OAB) facts Overactive bladder is an involuntary and sudden contraction of the muscle in the wall of the urinary bladder. Overactive bladder can also result in urinary incontinence, otherwise termed urge incontinence (wet OAB). Overactive bladder is not a normal part of aging. OAB affects both men and women and can significantly impact the quality of life. Many treatment  Read More

Paget disease of the breast is a form of breast cancer that affects the skin of the nipple. The cause of Paget disease of the breast is poorly understood, but it may be related to tumor cells from other sites in the breast traveling through the milk ducts to the nipple. Symptoms and signs of Paget disease of the breast can be similar to those of benign skin conditions and can include itching, redness, thickening, or cr  Read More

The treatment options for Paget's disease of the nipple include: 1. Surgery: The most common treatment is surgical removal of the affected nipple and areola (nipple-areola complex). This is usually done along with a lumpectomy or mastectomy to remove any underlying breast cancer. 2. Radiation therapy: After surgery, radiation therapy may be recommended to destroy any remaining cancer cells and reduce the risk of recur  Read More

Placenta previa is the attachment of the placenta to the wall of the uterus in a location that completely or partially covers the uterine outlet (opening of the cervix). Bleeding after the 20th week of gestation is the main symptom of placenta previa. An ultrasound examination is used to establish the diagnosis of placenta previa. Treatment of placenta previa involves bed rest and limitation of activity. Toco  Read More

Polycystic ovary syndrome  Polycystic ovary syndrome is a disorder involving infrequent, irregular or prolonged menstrual periods, and often excess male hormone (androgen) levels. The ovaries develop numerous small collections of fluid — called follicles — and may fail to regularly release eggs. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age. Women with PCOS may h  Read More

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to another organ system, most often the liver and kidneys. Preeclampsia usually begins after 20 weeks of pregnancy in women whose blood pressure had been normal. Left untreated, preeclampsia can lead to serious — even fatal — complications for both you and your baby. If you have preeclampsia, the only cure is delivery of your b  Read More

Preeclampsia is a condition of during pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure (hypertension) and protein in the urine (proteinuria). Preeclampsia usually occurs after the 34th week of gestation, but it can develop after birth. Preeclampsia and eclampsia are most common in first-time pregnancies. Pregnant teens and women over 40 are also at increased risk. Eclampsia is the development of seizures in a w  Read More

Premature ovarian failure — also known as primary ovarian insufficiency — is a loss of normal function of your ovaries before age 40. If your ovaries fail, they don't produce normal amounts of the hormone estrogen or release eggs regularly. Infertility is a common result. Premature ovarian failure is sometimes referred to as premature menopause, but the two conditions aren't the same. Women with premature ovarian failure ca  Read More

If you're a woman, you may be more familiar with the premenstrual syndrome than you'd like to be. But do you know when a problem period indicates that a visit to your doctor is in order? For most women, menstrual cycles last between 21 and 35 days, with a period of three to seven days. However, many women experience variations in the length, timing, and symptoms of their cycles, and menstrual disorders are often to blame. Up to 85 perc  Read More

Budd-Chiari syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by narrowing and obstruction (occlusion) of the veins of the liver (hepatic veins). Symptoms associated with Budd Chiari syndrome include pain in the upper right part of the abdomen, an abnormally large liver (hepatomegaly), and/or accumulation of fluid in the space (peritoneal cavity) between the two layers of the membrane that lines the stomach (ascites). Additional findings that may be a  Read More

Short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder of fatty acid catabolism belonging to a group of diseases known as fatty acid oxidation disorders (FOD). It occurs because of a deficiency of the short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) enzyme. Although SCAD was initially thought to produce severe problems including progressive muscle weakness, hypotonia, acidemia, developmental de  Read More

Turner syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder that affects females. The disorder is characterized by partial or complete loss (monosomy) of one of the X chromosomes. Turner syndrome is highly variable and can differ dramatically from one person to another. Affected females can potentially develop a wide variety of symptoms, affecting many different organ systems. Common symptoms include short stature and premature ovarian failure, which can r  Read More

A precise definition of hemorrhoids does not exist, but they can be described as masses or clumps ("cushions") of tissue within the anal canal that contain blood vessels and the surrounding, supporting tissue made up of muscle and elastic fibers. The anal canal is the last four centimeters through which stool passes as it goes from the rectum to the outside world. The anus is the opening of the anal canal to the outside world. Although  Read More

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by an infection with bacteria known as Treponema pallidum. Like other STDs, syphilis can be spread by any type of sexual contact. Syphilis can also be spread from an infected mother to the fetus during pregnancy or to the baby at the time of birth. Syphilis has been described for centuries. It can cause long-term damage to different organs if not properly treated.    Read More

Congenital syphilis is a chronic infectious disease caused by a spirochete (treponema pallidum) acquired by the fetus in the uterus before birth. Symptoms of this disease may not become apparent until several weeks or months after birth and, in some cases, may take years to appear. Congenital syphilis is passed on to the child from the mother who acquired the disease prior to or during pregnancy. The infant is more likely to have congenital sy  Read More

Tamoxifen is a medication used to treat and prevent certain types of breast cancer. It is not a cure for breast cancer, but it can help reduce the risk of recurrence and improve survival rates. Tamoxifen works by blocking the effects of estrogen in breast tissue, which can help prevent the growth of cancer cells that rely on estrogen to grow. While tamoxifen is not a cure, it is an effective treatment option for many individuals w  Read More

  The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones which are important in the normal regulation of the metabolism of the body. Thyroid cancer is three times more common in women than in men. There are four major types of thyroid cancer: papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic. The cause of thyroid cancer is unknown, but certain risk factors have been identified and include a family history  Read More

Toxoplasmosis (tok-so-plaz-MOE-sis) is a disease that results from infection with the Toxoplasma gondii parasite, one of the world's most common parasites. Infection usually occurs by eating undercooked contaminated meat, exposure from infected cat feces, or mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy. Toxoplasmosis may cause flu-like symptoms in some people, but most people affected never de  Read More

Trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by a parasite. In women, trichomoniasis can cause a foul-smelling vaginal discharge, genital itching and painful urination. Men who have trichomoniasis typically have no symptoms. Pregnant women who have trichomoniasis might be at higher risk of delivering their babies prematurely. To prevent reinfection with the organism that causes trichomoniasis, both partners  Read More

Trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by a parasite. In women, trichomoniasis can cause a foul-smelling vaginal discharge, genital itching and painful urination. Men who have trichomoniasis typically have no symptoms. Pregnant women who have trichomoniasis might be at higher risk of delivering their babies prematurely. Treatment for trichomoniasis is taking an  Read More

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer that lacks the expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). The symptoms of TNBC are similar to other types of breast cancer and may include: 1. Breast lump or thickening: A hard, painless lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area is a common symptom of TNBC. However, not all breast l  Read More

The treatment options for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) typically include a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. However, it's important to note that treatment plans may vary depending on the stage and characteristics of the cancer, as well as individual patient factors. Here are some common treatment approaches for TNBC: 1. Surgery: The primary treatment for TNBC is usually surgery  Read More

Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a rare disorder that sometimes occurs when women are pregnant with identical (monozygotic) twins. It is a rare disease of the placenta, the organ that joins the mother to her offspring and provides nourishment to the developing fetuses. During the development of identical twins, there are always blood vessels in the fetuses' shared placenta that connect their blood circulations (placental anastomoses).  Read More

Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a rare disorder that sometimes occurs when women are pregnant with identical (monozygotic) twins. It is a rare disease of the placenta, the organ that joins the mother to her offspring and provides nourishment to the developing fetuses. During the development of identical twins, there are always blood vessels in the fetuses' shared placenta that connect their blood circulations (placental anastomoses).  Read More

Uterine fibroids facts Uterine fibroids are benign tumors that originate in the uterus (womb). It is not known exactly why women develop uterine fibroids. Most women with uterine fibroids have no symptoms. However, fibroids can cause a number of symptoms depending on their size, location within the uterus, and how close they are to adjacent pelvic organs. These are most commonly abnormal bleeding, pain and pr  Read More

Normal vaginal bleeding is the periodic blood flow from the uterus. Normal vaginal bleeding is also called menorrhea. The process by which menorrhea occurs is called menstruation. In order to determine whether bleeding is abnormal, and its cause, the doctor must answer 3 questions: Is the woman pregnant? What is the pattern of the bleeding? Is she ovulating? Abnormal vaginal bleeding in women who are ovulatin  Read More

Vaginal atrophy is the medical term that refers to the thinning of the wall of the vagina that occurs during the menopause (the time when menstrual periods have ceased) in women. Vaginal atrophy occurs due to falling estrogen levels. Vaginal atrophy may be associated with vaginal dryness, itching, irritation, and/or pain during sexual intercourse. Hormone therapy can be effective in treating vaginal atrophy a  Read More

Vaginal pain and vulvodynia facts Vulvodynia refers to pain in the area of the vulva and vaginal opening for which no cause can be identified. Vulvodynia is not related to sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs). The exact cause of vulvodynia is not known. Symptoms include a burning, throbbing, or aching pain that can be localized to one area of the vulva or more widespread. Vaginal itching m  Read More

What is vitamin D? The "sunshine" vitamin is a hot topic. You may have recently found out that you are deficient or know someone who is. It's shocking for most people when they have never had a problem before and believe nothing has changed to make it a problem now. The truth is that a lot has changed, and vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency is now a global public-health problem affecting an estimated 1 billion people worldwide.  Read More

Huntington's disease is a genetic, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the gradual development of involuntary muscle movements affecting the hands, feet, face, and trunk and progressive deterioration of cognitive processes and memory (dementia). Neurologic movement abnormalities may include uncontrolled, irregular, rapid, jerky movements (chorea) and athetosis, a condition characterized by relatively slow, writhing involun  Read More

Takayasu arteritis is a rare disorder characterized by the progressive inflammation of one or more of the larger arteries leading from the heart. The main artery of the heart (aorta) and the pulmonary (lung) artery, among others, may be affected. When this disorder causes progressive inflammation of many arteries, it is known as polyarteritis. One of the consequences of polyarteritis is the reduction of blood flow to any of several organs and/  Read More